|Table of Contents|

Evolution and Prospects of Low-carbon Concrete Preparation(PDF)

《建筑科学与工程学报》[ISSN:1673-2049/CN:61-1442/TU]

Issue:
2022年05期
Page:
1-12
Research Field:
综述
Publishing date:

Info

Title:
Evolution and Prospects of Low-carbon Concrete Preparation
Author(s):
XIAO Jian-zhuang1; 2;  DENG Qi1;  XIA Bing1
(1. College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; 2. State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)
Keywords:
concrete;  low-carbon material;  carbon emission;  compressive strength;  mix proportion optimization
PACS:
TU528
DOI:
10.19815/j.jace.2022.01092
Abstract:
The low-carbon development of concrete preparation is a key task of achieving the targets of carbon peak and carbon neutrality in the construction field. Based on the analysis of concrete raw materials, the carbon emission reduction benefits and potentials of blended cement, geopolymer and recycled aggregates were summarized. The influence of different low-carbon raw materials on carbon emission and strength was clarified. Under the combined goal of carbon emission and strength, a simplified design idea of low carbon concrete was provided. Finally, the existing concrete mix design algorithms based on strength and carbon emission were overviewed from two aspects of target modeling and optimization algorithm. The results show that the carbon emission reduction potential of composite cement mainly depends on the maximum incorporation rate of blast furnace slag and fly ash under the condition of satisfying the target performance. Geopolymer has greater carbon emission reduction potential than blended cement. The carbon emission reduction benefit of recycled aggregate is reflected in avoiding construction waste landfill, reducing transportation distance and carbon absorption during storage stage. The conclusion of carbon emission reduction varies significantly with different carbon emission allocation methods. A unified carbon emission reduction distribution model for industrial solid waste needs to be established, and closed-loop analysis is recommended for recycled aggregate to avoid carbon distribution. Under the setting of concrete strength, blended cement, recycled aggregate, geopolymer etc. can be used as important means of carbon reduction. Carbon emission reduction potential is related to low-carbon material content, target strength etc. The synergistic effect of mechanical properties of different low-carbon materials and the optimization model of carbon emission reduction in the life cycle under multiple objectives need further research.

References:

[1] 习近平.在第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论上的讲话[EB/OL](2020-09-22)[2022-04-15].http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2020-09/22/c_1126527652.htm.
XI Jin-ping.Speech at the General Debate of the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly[EB/OL](2020-09-22)[2022-04-15].http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2020-09/22/c_1126527652.htm.
[2]UNEP.The Emissions Gap Report 2019[R].Nairobi:UNEP,2019.
[3]中国建筑节能协会建筑能耗与碳排放数据专业委员会.中国建筑能耗与碳排放研究报告(2021)[R/OL].(2021-12-28)[2022-04-15].https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/tnzXNdft6Tk2Ca3QYtJT1Q.
Professional Committee of Building Energy and Emissions.China Building Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission Research Report(2021)[R/OL].(2021-12-28)[2022-04-15].https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/tnzXNdft6Tk2Ca3QYtJT1Q.
[4]HAMILTON I,KENNARD H,RAPF O,et al.2020 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction[R].Paris:Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction,2020.
[5]中国混凝土网.2020年中国各省市商品混凝土产量及市场分析[EB/OL].(2021-05-25)[2022-04-15].http://www.cnrmc.com/news/show.php?itemid=121658.
China Concrete Network.Production and Market Analysis of Commercial Concrete in Various Provinces and Cities in China of 2020[EB/OL].(2021-05-25)[2022-04-15].http://www.cnrmc.com/news/show.php?itemid=121658.
[6]HAMMOND G P,JONES C I.Inventory of Carbon and Energy(ICE)[R].Bath:University of Bath,2008.
[7]龙惟定,梁 浩.我国城市建筑碳达峰与碳中和路径探讨[J].暖通空调,2021,51(4):1-17.
LONG Wei-ding,LIANG Hao.Discussion on Paths of Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality of Urban Buildings in China[J].Heating Ventilating & Air Conditioning,2021,51(4):1-17.
[8]AGENCY I E.Cement Technology Roadmap:Carbon Emissions Reductions up to 2050[M].Mexico City:OECD,2009.
[9]MADDALENA R,ROBERTS J J,HAMILTON A.Can Portland Cement Be Replaced By Low-carbon Alternative Materials?A Study on the Thermal Properties and Carbon Emissions of Innovative Cements[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,186:933-942.
[10]ASADOLLAHFARDI G,KATEBI A,TAHERIAN P,et al.Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete with Different Mixed Designs[J].International Journal of Construction Management,2021,21(7):665-676.
[11]TEH S H,WIEDMANN T,CASTEL A,et al.Hybrid Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cement,Concrete and Geopolymer Concrete in Australia[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,152:312-320.
[12]LIPPIATT N,LING T C,PAN S Y.Towards Carbon-neutral Construction Materials:Carbonation of Cement-based Materials and the Future Perspective[J].Journal of Building Engineering,2020,28:101062.
[13]JUENGER M C G,SNELLINGS R,BERNAL S A.Supplementary Cementitious Materials:New Sources,Characterization,and Performance Insights[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2019,122:257-273.
[14]SALAS D A,RAMIREZ A D,RODRIGUEZ C R,et al.Environmental Impacts,Life Cycle Assessment and Potential Improvement Measures for Cement Production:A Literature Review[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,113:114-122.
[15]FLOWER D J M,SANJAYAN J G.Green House Gas Emissions Due to Concrete Manufacture[J].The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2007,12(5):282-288.
[16]GARCIA-SEGURA T,YEPES V,ALCALA J.Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Blended Cement Concrete Including Carbonation and Durability[J].The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2014,19(1):3-12.
[17]YERRAMALA A,BABU K G.Transport Properties of High Volume Fly Ash Roller Compacted Concrete[J].Cement and Concrete Composites,2011,33(10):1057-1062.
[18]KASTIUKAS G,RUAN S Q,LIANG S,et al.Development of Precast Geopolymer Concrete via Oven and Microwave Radiation Curing with an Environmental Assessment[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2020,255:120290.
[19]RAO F,LIU Q.Geopolymerization and Its Potential Application in Mine Tailings Consolidation:A Review[J].Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review,2015,36(6):399-409.
[20]ZHAO J H,TONG L Y,LI B E,et al.Eco-friendly Geopolymer Materials:A Review of Performance Improvement,Potential Application and Sustainability Assessment[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2021,307:127085.
[21]MCLELLAN B C,WILLIAMS R P,LAY J,et al.Costs and Carbon Emissions for Geopolymer Pastes in Comparison to Ordinary Portland Cement[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2011,19(9/10):1080-1090.
[22]AMRAN Y H M,ALYOUSEF R,ALABDULJABBAR H,et al.Clean Production and Properties of Geopolymer Concrete:A Review[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2020,251:119679.
[23]TURNER L K,COLLINS F G.Carbon Dioxide Equivalent(CO2-e)Emissions:A Comparison Between Geopolymer and OPC Cement Concrete[J].Construction and Building Materials,2013,43:125-130.
[24]SHOBEIRI V,BENNETT B,XIE T Y,et al.A Comprehensive Assessment of the Global Warming Potential of Geopolymer Concrete[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2021,297:126669.
[25]DAL POZZO A,CARABBA L,BIGNOZZI M C,et al.Life Cycle Assessment of a Geopolymer Mixture for Fireproofing Applications[J].The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2019,24(10):1743-1757.
[26]SALAS D A,RAMIREZ A D,ULLOA N,et al.Life Cycle Assessment of Geopolymer Concrete[J].Construction and Building Materials,2018,190:170-177.
[27]BAJPAI R,CHOUDHARY K,SRIVASTAVA A,et al.Environmental Impact Assessment of Fly Ash and Silica Fume Based Geopolymer Concrete[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2020,254:120147.
[28]智研咨询.2021-2027年中国建筑垃圾处理行业市场供需规模及未来前景分析报告[R].北京:智研咨询,2020.
Research Consulting.Analysis Report on Market Supply and Demand Scale and Future Prospect of China Construction Waste Treatment Industry in 2021-2027[R].Beijing:Research consulting,2020.
[29]LI J R,LIANG J L,ZUO J,et al.Environmental Impact Assessment of Mobile Recycling of Demolition Waste in Shenzhen,China[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2020,263:121371.
[30]LOPEZ GAYARRE F,GONZALEZ PEREZ J,LOPEZ-COLINA PEREZ C,et al.Life Cycle Assessment for Concrete Kerbs Manufactured with Recycled Aggregates[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,113:41-53.
[31]ESTANQUEIRO B,DINIS SILVESTRE J,DE BRITO J,et al.Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Coarse Natural and Recycled Aggregates for Concrete[J].European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering,2018,22(4):429-449.
[32]AKBARNEZHAD A,MOUSSAVI NADOUSHANI Z S.A Computational Method for Selection of Optimal Concrete Recycling Strategy[J].Magazine of Concrete Research,2015,67(11):543-558.
[33]COELHO A,DE BRITO J.Environmental Analysis of a Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Plant in Portugal — Part I:Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions[J].Waste Management,2013,33(5):1258-1267.
[34]COELHO A,DE BRITO J.Environmental Analysis of a Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Plant in Portugal — Part Ⅱ:CO2 Emissions[J].Waste Management,2013,33(1):147-161.
[35]ROSADO L P,VITALE P,PENTEADO C S G,et al.Life Cycle Assessment of Natural and Mixed Recycled Aggregate Production in Brazil[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,151:634-642.
[36]YANG N,DAMGAARD A,LU F,et al.Environmental Impact Assessment on the Construction and Operation of Municipal Solid Waste Sanitary Landfills in Developing Countries:China Case Study[J].Waste Management,2014,34(5):929-937.
[37]MARINKOVIC S,RADONJANIN V,MALESEV M,et al.Comparative Environmental Assessment of Natural and Recycled Aggregate Concrete[J].Waste Management,2010,30(11):2255-2264.
[38]TURK J,COTIC Z,MLADENOVIC A,et al.Environmental Evaluation of Green Concretes Versus Conventional Concrete by Means of LCA[J].Waste Management,2015,45:194-205.
[39]DE MELO A B,GONCALVES A F,MARTINS I M.Construction and Demolition Waste Generation and Management in Lisbon(Portugal)[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2011,55(12):1252-1264.
[40]HOSSAIN M U,POON C S,LO I M C,et al.Comparative Environmental Evaluation of Aggregate Production from Recycled Waste Materials and Virgin Sources by LCA[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2016,109:67-77.
[41]XIAO J Z,WANG C H,DING T,et al.A Recycled Aggregate Concrete High-rise Building:Structural Performance and Embodied Carbon Footprint[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,199:868-881.
[42]KIKUCHI T,KURODA Y.Carbon Dioxide Uptake in Demolished and Crushed Concrete[J].Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology,2011,9(1):115-124.
[43]HUANG K W,LI A,XIA B,et al.Prediction on CO2 Uptake of Recycled Aggregate Concrete[J].Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering,2020,14(3):746-759.
[44]WIJAYASUNDARA M,MENDIS P,NGO T.Comparative Assessment of the Benefits Associated with the Absorption of CO2 with the Use of RCA in Structural Concrete[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,158:285-295.
[45]HEMIDAT S,OELGEMOLLER D,NASSOUR A,et al.Evaluation of Key Indicators of Waste Collection Using GIS Techniques as a Planning and Control Tool for Route Optimization[J].Waste and Biomass Valorization,2017,8(5):1533-1554.
[46]RAMIREZ P K S,SOARES S R,SOUZA D M,et al.Allocation Methods in Life Cycle Assessment:A Critical Review[C]// LCE.Proceedings of 15th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering:Conference Proceedings.Sydney:LCE,2008:253-257.
[47]ZHANG Y R,LUO W,WANG J J,et al.A Review of Life Cycle Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete[J].Construction and Building Materials,2019,209:115-125.
[48]SCHRIJVERS D L,LOUBET P,SONNEMANN G.Critical Review of Guidelines Against a Systematic Framework with Regard to Consistency on Allocation Procedures for Recycling in LCA[J].The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2016,21(7):994-1008.
[49]HUNTZINGER D N,EATMON T D.A Life-cycle Assessment of Portland Cement Manufacturing:Comparing the Traditional Process with Alternative Technologies[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2009,17(7):668-675.
[50]CROSSIN E.Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete Blends[R].Melbourne:RMIT University,2012.
[51]CHEN C,HABERT G,BOUZIDI Y,et al.LCA Allocation Procedure Used as an Incitative Method for Waste Recycling:An Application to Mineral Additions in Concrete[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2010,54(12):1231-1240.
[52]European Union.Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on Waste and Repealing Certain Directives[R].Brussels:European Union,2008.
[53]SETO K E,CHURCHILL C J,PANESAR D K.Influence of Fly Ash Allocation Approaches on the Life Cycle Assessment of Cement-based Materials[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,157:65-75.
[54]TEIXEIRA E R,MATEUS R,CAMOES A F,et al.Comparative Environmental Life-cycle Analysis of Concretes Using Biomass and Coal Fly Ashes as Partial Cement Replacement Material[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,112:2221-2230.
[55]FAN C,MILLER S A.Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Prescribed Concrete Compressive Strength[J].Construction and Building Materials,2018,167:918-928.
[56]MARINKOVIC S B,IGNJATOVIC I,RADONJANIN V.Life-cycle Assessment(LCA)of Concrete with Recycled Aggregates(RAs)[M]//PACHECO-TORGAL F,TAM V W Y,LABRINCHA J A,et al.Handbook of Recycled Concrete and Demolition Waste.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2013:569-604.
[57]KNOERI C,SANYE-MENGUAL E,ALTHAUS H J.Comparative LCA of Recycled and Conventional Concrete for Structural Applications[J].The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2013,18(5):909-918.
[58]DING T,XIAO J Z,TAM V W Y.A Closed-loop Life Cycle Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Utilization in China[J].Waste Management,2016,56:367-375.
[59]XIA B,DING T,XIAO J Z.Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete Structures with Reuse and Recycling Strategies:A Novel Framework and Case Study[J].Waste Management,2020,105:268-278.
[60]ABREU V,EVANGELISTA L,DE BRITO J.The Effect of Multi-recycling on the Mechanical Performance of Coarse Recycled Aggregates Concrete[J].Construction and Building Materials,2018,188:480-489.
[61]PANESAR D K,SETO K E,CHURCHILL C J.Impact of the Selection of Functional Unit on the Life Cycle Assessment of Green Concrete[J].The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2017,22(12):1969-1986.
[62]HAFEZ H,KURDA R,CHEUNG W M,et al.A Systematic Review of the Discrepancies in Life Cycle Assessments of Green Concrete[J].Applied Sciences,2019,9(22):4803.
[63]HABERT G,ARRIBE D,DEHOVE T,et al.Reducing Environmental Impact by Increasing the Strength of Concrete:Quantification of the Improvement to Concrete Bridges[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2012,35:250-262.
[64]TANG Y X,XIAO J Z,ZHANG H H,et al.Mechanical Properties and Uniaxial Compressive Stress-strain Behavior of Fully Recycled Aggregate Concrete[J].Construction and Building Materials,2022,323:126546.
[65]段珍华,邓 琪,肖建庄,等.再生混凝土冲击磨耗性能与调控方法研究[J/OL].建筑材料学报:1-13[2022-09-28].https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/31.1764.tu.20220726.1923.012.html
DUAN Zhen-hua,DENG Qi,XIAO Jian-zhuang,et al.Study on Abrasion Resistance and Control Method of Recycled Aggregate[J/OL].Journal of Building Materials:1-13[2022-09-28].https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/31.1764.tu.20220726.1923.012.html
[66]SAHRAEI MOGHADAM A,OMIDINASAB F,MOAZAMI GOODARZI S.Characterization of Concrete Containing RCA and GGBFS:Mechanical,Microstructural and Environmental Properties[J].Construction and Building Materials,2021,289:123134.
[67]张学兵.再生混凝土配合比及拉压强度的实验研究[D].湘潭:湘潭大学,2005.
ZHANG Xue-bing.Experimental Study on Mix Proportion and Compressive and Tensile Strength of Recycled Concrete[D].Xiangtan:Xiangtan University,2005.
[68]王晓飞,李秋义,罗健林,等.不同品质再生粗骨料混凝土的力学性能及鲍罗米公式拟合[J].混凝土,2016(3):60-64.
WANG Xiao-fei,LI Qiu-yi,LUO Jian-lin,et al.Mechanical Properties and Bowromi Formula Regression for Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete with Different Quality[J].Concrete,2016(3):60-64.
[69]KOU S.Reusing Recycled Aggregates in Structural Concrete[D].Hong Kong:Hong Kong Polytechnic University,2006
[70]KOU S C,POON C S,CHAN D.Influence of Fly Ash as a Cement Addition on the Hardened Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete[J].Materials and Structures,2008,41(7):1191-1201.
[71]LIMBACHIYA M,MEDDAH M S,OUCHAGOUR Y.Performance of Portland/Silica Fume Cement Concrete Produced with Recycled Concrete Aggregate[J].ACI Materials Journal,2012,109(1):91-100.
[72]LIMBACHIYA M,MEDDAH M S,OUCHAGOUR Y.Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Fly-ash Concrete[J].Construction and Building Materials,2012,27(1):439-449.
[73]WARDEH G,GHORBEL E,GOMART H.Mix Design and Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concretes:Applicability of Eurocode 2[J].International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials,2015,9(1):1-20.
[74]HABERT G,ROUSSEL N.Study of Two Concrete Mix-design Strategies to Reach Carbon Mitigation Objectives[J].Cement and Concrete Composites,2009,31(6):397-402.
[75]PARK J,TAE S,KIM T.Life Cycle CO2 Assessment of Concrete by Compressive Strength on Construction Site in Korea[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2012,16(5):2940-2946.
[76]ONER A,AKYUZ S.An Experimental Study on Optimum Usage of GGBS for the Compressive Strength of Concrete[J].Cement and Concrete Composites,2007,29(6):505-514.
[77]ONER A,AKYUZ S,YILDIZ R.An Experimental Study on Strength Development of Concrete Containing Fly Ash and Optimum Usage of Fly Ash in Concrete[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2005,35(6):1165-1171.
[78]HABERT G,D'ESPINOSE DE LACAILLERIE J B,ROUSSEL N.An Environmental Evaluation of Geopolymer Based Concrete Production:Reviewing Current Research Trends[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2011,19(11):1229-1238.
[79]KOU S C,POON C S,AGRELA F.Comparisons of Natural and Recycled Aggregate Concretes Prepared with the Addition of Different Mineral Admixtures[J].Cement and Concrete Composites,2011,33(8):788-795.
[80]SILVA R V,DE BRITO J,DHIR R K.The Influence of the Use of Recycled Aggregates on the Compressive Strength of Concrete:A Review[J].European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering,2015,19(7):825-849.
[81]DEROUSSEAU M A,KASPRZYK J R,SRUBAR W V.Computational Design Optimization of Concrete Mixtures:A Review[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2018,109:42-53.
[82]CAKIROGLU C,ISLAM K,BEKDAS G,et al.CO2 Emission Optimization of Concrete-filled Steel Tubular Rectangular Stub Columns Using Metaheuristic Algorithms[J].Sustainability,2021,13(19):10981.
[83]ZHANG J F,HUANG Y M,MA G W,et al.Mixture Optimization for Environmental,Economical and Mechanical Objectives in Silica Fume Concrete:A Novel Frame-work Based on Machine Learning and a New Meta-heuristic Algorithm[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2021,167:105395.
[84]KAVEH A,IZADIFARD R A,MOTTAGHI L.Optimal Design of Planar RC Frames Considering CO2 Emissions using ECBO,EVPS and PSO Metaheuristic Algorithms[J].Journal of Building Engineering,2020,28:101014.
[85]孟洁平,林金娜,焦俊婷,等.高强混凝土配合比的遗传算法设计研究[J].混凝土,2017(10):52-55.
MENG Jie-ping,LIN Jin-na,JIAO Jun-ting,et al.Study on Genetic Algorithm Design of High Strength Concrete Mix Proportion[J].Concrete,2017(10):52-55.
[86]XIE X S,YAN D J,ZHENG Y Z.Optimization Design of High-performance Concrete Based on Genetic Algorithm Toolbox of Matlab[J].Advanced Materials Research,2011,250-253:2672-2677.
[87]刘 兵.基于机器学习的再生混凝土强度预测和LCA-LCC生态效率评价[D].北京:北京交通大学,2021.
LIU Bing.Recycled Aggregate Concrete Strength Prediction and Eco-efficiency Evaluation of LCA-LCC Based on Machine Learning[D].Beijing:Beijing Jiaotong University,2021.
[88]NASERI H,JAHANBAKHSH H,KHEZRI K,et al.Toward Sustainability in Optimizing the Fly Ash Concrete Mixture Ingredients by Introducing a New Prediction Algorithm[J].Environment,Development and Sustainability,2022,24:2767-2803.
[89]NASERI H,JAHANBAKHSH H,HOSSEINI P,et al.Designing Sustainable Concrete Mixture by Developing a New Machine Learning Technique[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2020,258:120578.
[90]HABIBI A,RAMEZANIANPOUR A M,MAHDIKHANI M.RSM-based Optimized Mix Design of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials Based on Waste Generation and Global Warming Potential[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2021,167:105420.
[91]WANG X Y.Effect of Carbon Pricing on Optimal Mix Design of Sustainable High-strength Concrete[J].Sustainability,2019,11(20):5827.
[92]余为韬,潘 欣,史 彬.考虑低碳排放的混凝土配合比多目标优化[J].计算机与应用化学,2014,31(3):307-310.
YU Wei-tao,PAN Xin,SHI Bin.Multi-objective Optimization for Low-carbon Concrete Mix[J].Computers and Applied Chemistry,2014,31(3):307-310.
[93]KIM T,TAE S,ROH S.Assessment of the CO2 Emission and Cost Reduction Performance of a Low-carbon-emission Concrete Mix Design Using an Optimal Mix Design System[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2013,25:729-741.
[94]CEN X Q,WANG Q Y,SHI X S,et al.Optimization of Concrete Mixture Design Using Adaptive Surrogate Model[J].Sustainability,2019,11(7):1991.
[95]PARK W.Genetic-algorithm-based Mix Proportion Design Method for Recycled Aggregate Concrete[J].Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering,2013,37(3):345-354.

Memo

Memo:
-
Last Update: 2022-09-30